Federal Reserve Says Homes Are 25% Overvalued – Housing Market Review

In addition to tracking inflationary pressures and wage growth, the Federal Reserve also tracks asset valuations to try to identify excessive increases. The Fed’s Financial Stability Report assesses the stability of the US financial system by also analyzing asset valuations, borrowings by businesses and households, leverage and funding risks.

A model used in valuing residential home values found that homes are now 25% overvalued, just below the 28% peak in 2007. Using the Labor Department’s measure of rent, home prices are 19% overvalued using private measures of market rents.The Fed also follows the S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller U.S. national home price index, which tracks U.S. home prices nationwide. The index is up 51% since the end of 2019, an extraordinary rise relative to historical data. Another factor that is closely followed is the cost to rent versus owning. According to the Labor Department, the owner-equivalent rent is up 24% since 2019, meaning that the cost to purchase a home has risen more than the cost to rent since 2019. (Source: Federal Reserve Board of Governors)

China Dumps Record Amount of U.S. Government Debt – Federal Deficit Overview

In the first quarter of 2024, China sold a record amount of $53.3 billion worth of U.S. Treasury and agency bonds. The significant liquidations represent a notable shift in China’s investment strategy and validates a continuation of its efforts to diversify away from U.S. dollar-denominated assets.

The $53.3 billion sale is the largest quarterly divestment of U.S. securities by China on record,
including the sale of both U.S. Treasury bonds and agency bonds. Because of the size of the liquidations, the sales suggest an acceleration of China’s diversification efforts.

The sales are part of an ongoing trend where the Chinese government has been gradually shedding billions of dollars of U.S. government debt over the past few years. The sales are part of China’s efforts to diversify its foreign reserves and reduce dependence on U.S. dollar assets. Because of the enormous amount of exports to the United States, China has had to acquire and maintain billions in U.S. debt in order to help counter currency imbalances brought about by the massive imports into the U.S.

Sources: U.S. Treasury Department

Brief History of Tariffs & How It Affects U.S. Consumers – Consumer Dynamics

The history of U.S. import tariffs dates back to the early days of the nation. One of the first significant legislative actions of the newly formed United States was the Tariff Act of 1789, also known as the Hamilton Tariff. This act imposed tariffs primarily to generate revenue for the federal government and to protect burgeoning American industries from foreign competition. Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, was a strong advocate for using tariffs to promote industrial growth and economic independence.

When the U.S. imposes tariffs on imports, the immediate effect is an increase in the cost of those imported goods. Importers typically pass these increased costs onto consumers, leading to higher retail prices.

Machinery and equipment, including computers and hardware encompassed the largest amount of imports in volume valued at $475.9 billion in 2023. Electrical machinery and related equipment reached $477.1 billion in 2023. These two categories make up the bulk of the imports that U.S. consumers buy, which include televisions, computers, phones, computer equipment, appliances and electrical accessories and components. Automobiles and vehicle parts were the third largest category of imports in 2023 valued at $329.6 billion.

As savings have diminished following the subsidies and assistance programs during the pandemic, consumers have borrowed more adding to credit card and personal loan balances. Elevated rates have placed an additional strain on consumers leading to an increase in delinquencies.

Economists are concerned that newly imposed tariffs on many of these imported products would impose even greater strain on consumers and their spending behavior. Tariffs would be considered inflationary should importing companies pass along the tariffs to consumers in the form of higher prices. (Sources: Office of the Historian; U.S. Dept. of State, Tax Foundation, National Bureau of Economic Research)

How Extreme Weather Affects The U.S. Economy – Economic Dynamics

Recent extreme heat throughout the U.S. has increased concern as to how out of the ordinary weather affects the economy. Extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change are having significant and growing impacts on the U.S. economy.

The U.S. has experienced, on average, more than one disaster causing over $1 billion in damages each month in recent years. This is a dramatic increase from previous decades when billion-dollar weather disasters were rare. Strain on the nation’s power grid during periods of extreme heat as the demand for electricity rises, places tremendous pressure on the utility and power supplies.

The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather. Flooding in the Midwest in 2019 led to significant crop losses and disruptions in planting, potentially affecting food prices and markets. Studies suggest that climate change impacts could cost the U.S. economy between 1% to 4% of GDP annually by the end of the century, considering effects on mortality, labor productivity, and the energy sector. Southern and coastal states are projected to experience more substantial economic losses due to higher temperatures and increased exposure to storms and sea level rise. (Sources: whitehouse.gov, weathersource.com)